Death Rituals in Ancient Egypt

Death Rituals in Ancient Egypt For my Gordon Rule Paper I have decided to write about the Egyptians since I have always found them fascinating. The primary topic I will be discussing would be the way in which the ancient Egyptians would view, and considered death, due to how immensely different we as Americans view death today. The vast majority of Americans fear death more than anything else. We go to great lengths to ensure our health, safety, and survival. To us there is nothing worse than death, whereas to every Egyptian death was seen as a desirable transformation, the passage of the true eternal life. Death was never considered a tragedy, or a loss, but a welcome transition into the afterlife. Because death was of such an importance; it was essenctial that great care be taken for a transition to immortality. This is a huge reason that the Pharaohs contents of the tomb were of such great importance, and so carefully selected. Egyptians prioritzement on the importance of rituals, customs, and beliefs; as well as architecture can be seen clearly in the discovery of the tomb of King Tutankhamen, or as most people know him King Tut. The architecture that went into every Pharaohs tomb was extraordinarily complex. Each one was greatly different in terms of the tombs layout, size, and decorations. The tombs structure and layout almost always had to, somehow, show the formation, and projection of the solar system. Miral decorations in the tomb dont represent the Pharaohs everyday life, but instead that of their afterlife, and the challenges the Pharaoh has to face in order to reach the Kingdom of Orrises, land of the afterlife. These tombs were grand, and usually consisted of a number of rooms, and courtyards. Tomb walls were usually stoned lined of limestone columns. This type of tomb is built below the ground, as usually the chapel was built on the surface and the burial areas below. The Nile area was rocky, and featured many cliffs, so these were perfect locations for the creating of the tombs directly in the hillside. The most common chapel consisted of a door which lead into a transverse hall, behind which was a corridor that ran straight to the face of the cliff. Over time rock tombs became more elaborate, more decorative, and narrower as they now ran directly into the cliff-face, these tombs were the most impressing of all the tombs in Egypt, as they featured splendid sights, often with pillars and large stairways. Rock cut chapels were more commonly used by Pharaohs, and those of the richer society, as the rocky regions of Egypt were best suited for the building of these tombs. Tombs contained wall decorations, which dealt with the Afterlife, and the path that the Pharaoh will have too take to reach the kingdom of Orrises. A royal tomb could be done within a few months for a simple tomb, or for a more larger, and complex tomb, it could take from six to ten years. Decorations varied for each Pharaoh. From elaborate paintings, to imitations of papyrus. All texts painted on walls were quoted from the great magical religion anthologies of the time such as the Book of the Dead and the Book of the Earth (Guide to the Valley of The Kings page26, 1996). These magical and religious texts were drawn on the walls to inform the deceased, and for the deceased to use as a invaluable tool for them to make sure that they had enough knowledge of magical nature for them to use during the Afterlife. The New Kingdom royal tombs featured many different ceilings and decorations, which included star maps, which illustrated the rising of the sun. Placing a burial underneath a holy symbol was considered of great importance for the resurrection of the body. Texts and drawings on tomb walls contained various colors; each color that was used depicts Egyptian rituals. Colors such as White represents Silver, Black represented death and eternal preservation and Red represents fire and blood. As these colors and depictions lead up to the star the life, the deceased is painted, including all of the deceased families life. Today, in retrospect, we primarily bury our loved ones in accordance with their wishes, or in a graveyard next to other deceased loved ones. We bury them six feet under-ground, (typically) but only because that is the minimal depth a decaying corpse can be buried without having any effect on the world under-which it was buried. Typically it takes about seven days from the time we die until we are laid to rest. That allows us plenty of time to choose a good grave sight, dig it up, lay the dead down, say some kind words, and fill the hole again. Ancient Egyptians, on the other hand, took considerably longer.Before a body was buried the process of embalming took place for about seventy days. Historian Heroidotus tells of three levels of mumification that depended upon the quantity of wealth the deceased had. The very most expensive procedure was the embalming which resembled the god Osiris. The ritual took place, usually, within seventy days. A contract was drawn up between the embalmer s, and the deceased family, which specifies the amount of time the embalming procedure will take place. The body would then placed on a wooden table and purified by washing the body in a solution of neutron. The brains were removed from the nasal cavity. The abdomen would then be cut, and all the organs removed and then purified with aromas. Once the organs were removed they were placed into jars and placed inside the tomb. The body is then stuffed with straw, sawdust, mud or linen; this assists in retaining the deceased bodies shape, and is also wrapped with linen, and/or bandages. Egyptian rituals and beliefs also played a critically important part in the lead of the deceased to the tomb . The ritual of the burial, and its tombs content, takes place outside the tomb. The transport of the body to the tomb took form of a ritual procession that normally began on the East side of the Nile River; After crossing the river, to the west, the body was placed on a sledge, and drawn by oxen to the tomb. Close to the mummy stood two women who would normally impersonate the diving mourners Isis, and Nephthys, who represented the wife and sister of the god Osiris, followed by mourners of the deceased. The last mourner in the procession burnt incense and sprinkled milk at the procession as they would continue on their way to the tomb. Ritual dancers, known as Mu, and a priest, who honors the deceased now greet the procession. The ancient ritual of the opening of the mouth now takes place; this is the most significant part of the burial traditions, as the purpose of this ceremony is to restore the mummy and their power of speech, sight and hearing. The body has now completed the first part of Egyptian rituals. When the deceased approaches the Entrance of the tomb a priest who impersonates the god Anubis stands the body in an upright position. The priest now touches the mouth of the deceased with ritual instruments, which now restores their senses. The next stage is the offering of clothes, ointments and offerings of food so the deceased can take them into the Afterlife. The mummy is now ready to be placed into its burial chamber, after the door is sealed all footprints around the tomb is swept away and the last rites are read. The stages leading up to the burial of the deceased was an integral part of the Egyptians beliefs and rituals, as the Egyptians regarded the dead as being very much alive, living in their tombs like they had previously lived in their homes. This link between the house and the tomb was very important, the tombs chapel was commonly referred to the house of eternity. Outside the chapel it was common to see lushes gardens, and tombs surrounding as Cemeteries were planned to look like miniature cities like the one at Giza. All the above beliefs and rituals were clearly uncovered in November 1922 by British archaeologist Howard Carter when he discovered the intact tomb of King Tutankhamen. Analysis of Tutankhamens mummy reveals that he was approximately eighteen years old when he died. The Kings life is still a mystery to this day as historians such as Carter believes that its almost impossible to say whether the King was a victim of illness, accident, assassination or was physically frail like his previous heirs when he passed away. Historians identified the month of his death to be that of January by analyzing the types of fruit and flowers such as the cornflower which were buried with him. The cornflower usually reaches maturity in March, and from these findings it is believed that Amenophis III last son died some time in January 1343 (Tutankhamen and the Discovery of the Tomb page 158, 1972). Tutankhamens tomb features a simple design, which is typical of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The tomb features starts, corridors, and chambers. The king tomb has a number of rooms such as the Annexe, Antechamber, Burial Chamber and the treasury and all of these rooms featured significant decorations. King Tutankhamens tomb was so unique as the treasures inside the tomb lay undisturbed to robbers, and during excavation Carter recovered over three thousand five hundred articles such as grand elegant furniture, statues, jewelery, and shrines that were placed in his tomb to help him through to the Afterlife. The kings death like other Pharaohs was a grand affair, and was mourned by all of Egypt . Generally after a Pharaohs death there was a three-month interval between his death and his burial. During this time the complex ritual of embalming took place. The embalming of a Pharaoh was known as the House of Vigor (Tutankhamen: Life and Death of a Pharaoh page 163, 1965) in which the Pharaohs body was purified and all impurities were removed. After the final phase of the mummification ritual takes place, the Pharaoh now passes into eternity. When King Tutankhamens body was bandaged, each layer contained a treasure such as golden objects. When the Kings body was unwrapped over 143 treasures were found such as pendants, amulets and golden finger stalls. Like the treasures wrapped in between the bandages the tomb itself was flowing with treasures, Nearly everything was made of precious material, and goldthis covered a wide assortment of articles necessary to ensure eternity for the dead (Tutankhamen and the Discovery of the Tomb page 70, 1972). All of the Kings rooms inside the tomb featured significant decorations. The Antechamber held the Tuta royal throne, which is one of the best known objects, found inside the tomb. This throne engaged wood with sheets of gold and its back is covered with a scene of the Pharaoh and his wife Ankhesenamun. The burial chamber features the first wooden coffin and the Kings mummy. The scenes painted on walls show King Tutankhamen with his Kai at the ceremony of the opening of the mouth (The Discovery of the Tomb Tutankhamen page 37, 1977) and his successor Ay. His burial bay the red quartzite sarcophagus (The Discovery of the Tomb Tutankhamen page 39, 1977) coffin had five coffins, the first to the third were anthropoid wooden coffins, the forth was golden and the fifth was his mummy. The King Tutankhamens burial was the same as any Pharaoh and followed all rituals and beliefs as well as mummification principles. The only difference was that the King was so young at the time of his death and that till this day no other tomb has been uncovered that all items inside the tomb are still intact. It can be seen that burial and death in general in Egypt was of enormous importance within the Egyptian society especially when it was concerning someone of higher status like that of a Pharaoh. Egyptians believed in the Afterlife and this played an important part in reinforcing the rituals and beliefs of death in Egyptian society as death was not believed to be the end but the beginning of ones life. This is why rituals and beliefs as well as architecture and decorations of tombs were emphasized and carried out in the light of ones death. When an ancient Egyptian died, he was not buried into the ground, mourned and then forgotten, as people are today. Nor was his grave simply visited at certain times and some token words spoken over it, so that once again he is forgotten until next visit, like so many of us do. Maybe its the way we as people have evolved to cope with the pain of loosing a loved one. We as a nation do not believe that death is a good thing in any way, and we are taug ht from birth to fear it and flee it for as long as we possibly can. I for one do not fear death. Not that I look upon it as a good thing like Egyptians, just as a necessary thing that all of us must have happen.

CSR of Apple

Apple is making genuine strides in the direction of environmental friendliness by designing for energy efficiency, reducing packaging, and using recycling materials. Its websites also releases an extensively breakdown of company’s annual corporate carbon emissions. Apple says it emits 10. 2 million tons of carbon emissions annually. Meanwhile, HP says it releases 8. 4 million tons annually and it was just named the best S&P companies for the planet by Newsweek. Dell came in second and emits just 471,000 tons annually. Both of those companies only assess what happens during the production process. By contrast, Apple includes what happens once the product is being produced. The biggest source of emissions comes from customers using its product at home. The next biggest source of emissions comes from manufacturing which accounts for 45% of company’s emissions. However, using less material may bring some problems to Apple. Some customers complain that Apple’s products are more fragile than its predecessors. Therefore, the balance between durable product and reducing materials is very important for its product design. Apple publishes a supplier code of conduct and launches supplier audits to ensure that the code of conduct is being followed. More importantly, Apple does not hide bad conducts of its suppliers and releases it to public. In its latest Supplier Responsibility 2011 Progress Report, Apple outlines its specific findings of its own supplier audits. In 2010, its audit of 127 facilities revealed 37 core violations; 18 facilities where workers had paid excessive recruitment fees, which it considers to be involuntary labor; 10 facilities where underage workers had been hired; two instances of workers endangerment; 4 facilities where records were falsified; 1 case of bribery; and 1 case of coaching workers on how to answer auditors’ questions. The transparency of Apple’s report reveals Apple’s concern for its suppliers’ actions. Even if Apple has outsourced its supply chain, it still has a corporate social responsibility to ensure socially and environmentally sound business practices of its subcontractors. Apple may be praised for its openness. However, some customers think Apple is merely trying to get ahead of the ever-pervasive media by releasing this information themselves. The enforceability of supplier code is much more important than making this information available to public. If Apple is determined to enforce its code f suppliers, its business may be disrupted by termination of contracts with suppliers because of its outsourcing of supply chain. Therefore, a back-up plan is needed to prevent disruption of business. Termination with suppliers may contribute to loss of reputation and increasing transaction costs with alternative suppliers. So another issue Apple needs to consider beforehand is supplier selection which is an important part of supplier management. Therefore, Apple should set up more eff icient and relevant performance measures of suppliers and continuously evaluate these measures.

Purchasing Paper Outline Example

Purchasing Paper Outline Example Paper Outline Example Help! You could also see resume outline. An outline does not have to be a precise map, only a rough guide to inform you where you've been, and where you're going. It has to be directly related to the topic. Besides a report outline and a presentation outline, a research paper outline is among the most typical types of outlines you're most likely to encounter in any particular field. You might also see chapter outline. A short and thorough research paper outline template could be your guides. APA format can help you to organize your paper well. The entire sentence outline format is basically the exact same as the Alphanumeric outline. What to Do About Paper Outline Example Before It's Too Late To conserve space in the examples, just the first section of the outline will demonstrate the suitable spacing. In what follows you will understand a sample outline composed of short sentences. As a variant, you can make a list of potential outline headings, and then, in the procedure for writing or even at the very last stages, you could decide on the most suitable options. A consistent structure ought to be used in the key headings and the subheadings. What Needs to be Done About Paper Outline Example Writing an outline is a rather effective means to think through how you'll organize and present the info in your essay. You could also see biography outline. An outline will help to find out the way a student will build other vital sections including Literature Review. If you're not ready for developing a sample capstone project outline, you may use a dependable essay writing service to receive it. Paper Outline Example - Is it a Scam? The paper needs to be consistent from the start to the very end. The thesis statement ought to be complete, and the remainder of the paper ought to be in line with it. Possessing a perfect outline increases the likelihood of you presenting a research paper that's well written. Probably, you're provided a particular topic for your term paper. Be sure that your paper doesn't contain any mistakes and includes a proper writing style. If making outline is part of your assignment, follow the directions you were given. You can also state what sort of approach it is you'll use in your paper for the full discussion of your topic. For your research paper example to be the very best, you will want to demonstrate that you comprehend the topic and have fought hard in regards to the sort of things to investigate. Paper Outline Example Options Before you commence preparing an outline, we advise that you search for the sources readily available on your topic. Select a topic you're interested in. Nevertheless, in the event the topic is specified, for instance, Environmental Pollution, it's described too widely and you can look for any separate issues to discuss with respect to his topic. An outline is essential for all sorts of research papers. Ask any professor or academic and they'll tell you the research paper outline is th e main portion of the entire process. By studying various outline samples, you're guaranteed to come up with the ideal research paper outline in virtually no time. The research paper outline will help to clarify the topic of the research paper, guide the subject matter to keep on course, and helps to begin the writing of the true research paper. There are plenty of methods to present research outcomes. You ought to know that there are two outlines, which you might use for your research paper. These guidelines discuss how to make white papers. All the very best research paper examples begin with a superior research paper outline. The True Meaning of Paper Outline Example Utilize your content Now that your content is written, utilize the white paper for a call-to-action for other advertising activities. Needless to say, you will find tons of benefits of employing an outline. It is preferable to use complete sentence outline structure, in the event your paper needs to be formatted in MLA. If you have a look at the majority of the ideal research papers examples, all of them have a structure that's coherent and permits the text to flow smoothly. How to make an APA research paper outline If it's necessary to write employing the APA format, you should stick to the general rules of producing the outline. There are various styles of such papers for various subjects so many samples may not satisfy your requirements.

`` The Republic Of Nature `` By Mark Fiege, The Salem...

Pure Perspective From the mightiest of Redwoods to the tiniest bacterium, nature encapsulates mankind. Nature surrounds humanity as a sovereign witness to man’s most astounding triumphs, and the disgusting atrocities perpetrated by man against his fellow man. Regardless of the circumstances, nature remains unbiased in the face of all conflicts and struggles. Nature cannot deceive or mislead like humanity can. It is for this reason why nature has an ideal perspective to view history. As shown through Mark Fiege’s book The Republic of Nature: an Environmental History of the United States, the lense of nature is extremely important to both readers and historians alike due to the fact that unlike almost all other sources, nature is unbiased and honest. This is exemplified through Fiege’s exploration of the history of the the construction of the Lincoln Memorial, the Salem witch trials, and natural law. Prior to diving into the many new insights that can be comprehended while viewing history through a natural lense, it is important to define nature in this context. While man is technically a creation of nature, and therefore nature himself, he shall be excluded from this brief definition of what composes nature. Here, nature will be considered everything living or otherwise on this earth that is not a creation or product of humanity. All other creatures and parts of the environment are to be considered nature. To introduce the powerful effect of the unbiased lense of nature,

Biology - 1015 Words

U.S. Government after 9\11 Markel Limbacker Kaplan College Abstract The U.S. Government has made many changes to the way it handles everyday functions. The acts of September 11, know as 9\11 made the government look at things differently. When the two hijacked planes crashed into the twin towers located in the middle of New York City the government woke up from its sleep that day. The security in the U.S. did a complete turnaround and the USA Patriot Act was born. U.S. Government after 9\11 Since the attack on American soil the government issued the USA Patriot Act. This was created to deter and punish terrorist acts in and around the United States. It was also designed to enhanced law enforcement†¦show more content†¦The high tech machines that were now being used all over the U.S. played a major role in the changes. The new monitoring systems allowed law enforcement to tap into any and everything that people use to communicate. If the government feels someone is a threat to the nation they can tap into their cell phones, house phone, emails, even their social networking like facebook or twitter to gather information. It all comes down to if you are doing something you should not be doing than you deserve to be monitored. At the beginning it all seem great that the country was taking charge in the war on terrorism, but now it feels like as if you are a criminal in your own backyard. The security checks and monitoring makes society fe el there is no privacy anymore. That the government have become like other nations where the people have little to no rights at all. Big brother is watching and it can be a good thing and also a bad thing. What this nation does agree on together is that the nation diffidently needs to address this matter. Conclusion: The need for the new changes is something that should had been in place a long time ago. There can be no way society thinks America is being over protective. If this great nation that is called home to more than 300 million people not being alert and ready for anything, it will not be here much longer. The rules that are in place due to the 9\11 acts woke America up†¦now stay up America! References Didel, M. (2011).Show MoreRelatedA General Overview of Biology607 Words   |  2 PagesBiology What is Biology? Biology is the scientific study of living things and their vital processes. There are more than 10 million species of living things on Earth. They range from microscopic bacteria to huge blue what and towering redwood trees. Living things vary from where and how they live. Types of Biology Biology is a broad subject and that is why it is subdivided into separate branches for convenience of study. The four main subdivided branches are: ï‚ ³ Botany-the study of plants Read MoreBiology Final Paper : Biology1909 Words   |  8 Pagesgrandfather had to endure. 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Digital Divide Free Essays

Digital divide is defined as the distance between those with access to the internet and those without. Digital Divide is a problem that stretches to all corners of the world. It affects not only people here in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Divide or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. but also countries across the globe. Two questions have to be asked in all this. The first is â€Å"Does the Digital Divide really exist? † and the second is â€Å"What is the real impact of the Digital Divide? † The idea of Digital Divide did not come into play until the early 1990’s with the passage by then President Bill Clinton of the High Performance Computing Act. What this act did was to provide funding for a high speed fiber optic network which would go on to become the internet that we use today. This enabled home computers to become more useful which in turn caused the number of personal computers in the U. S to skyrocket to over ten million in a five year period. (Rapaport, 2009) In all this a new department in the Clinton Administration was formed, The National Telecommunications and Information Administration. The NTIA is the President’s main advisor on information and telecommunication and was co-founded by Albert Hammond, a White House aide. Rapaport, 2009) It was Hammond in addition to NTIA administrator Larry Irving that came up with the phrase â€Å"Digital Divide† This phrase eventually began to appear in then V. P Al Gore’s speeches. As time went on, computer and internet prices began to fall. With these falling prices came the idea that the Digital Divide was closing. The new presidential administration did not have as great an interest in digital access and eventually â€Å"Digital Divide† became â€Å"Digital Inclusion. † The NTIA was eventually downgraded and its budget taken away. These actions eventually and effectively ended the NTIA The question of it the Digital Divide is real can be answered by looking at the numbers, A report done by the Pew Research Center shows that one in five American adults does not use the internet, with senior citizens, those with less than a high school education and lower income adults being the least likely to have access to the internet. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) Americans with disabilities are even less likely to use the internet. Nearly half of those that do not go online say that don’t because they do not feel the internet is relevant to them. One thing that is helping to bridge the digital divide is the ever changing face of mobile technology. With the face of mobile technology changing at a rapid pace, those that were on the other side of the digital divide are now able to go online. Out of those groups, young adults, minorities, those with no college experience and lower income adults are more likely to use their smart phone as a main source of internet access. Internet use has grown greatly among U. S adults. In a span of 16 year, June 1995 to Jan 2011, internet use among those 18 and over has gone from just 14% to 78%. Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) In these numbers the line is still senior citizens, minorities, and low income as those less likely to have online access. A majority of those that do not use the internet feel they do not need it or are cautious of new technology. The difference between 2000 and 2011 is significant. In June of 2000 only 50% of American adults used the internet. That number jumped to 80% in 2011. ( Smith, Zickuhr, 2011) A household’s income plays a factor in internet use as well. In August 20111 only 62% of households with income less that $30,000 use the internet. When you compare these numbers to those making over $75,000 that have an internet usage of 97%, the Digital Divide is evident. The gap between whites and minorities is quickly disappearing. There are still some differences in internet access but they have become less noticeable and in some cases have disappeared all together. The strongest negative predictors for internet use are not race or gender, instead those factors now include seniors (those age 65 and older), low income (under $20,000), and lack of a high school education. Among these groups there have been some increases in internet use, but there is still a gray area for some such as seniors. Even though those 65 and over are less likely to use the internet, 41% now do go online. (Smith, Zickhur, 2012) The reasons that adults do not use the internet vary. In the year 2000, 54% of American adults felt that the internet was a dangerous thing. This feeling was especially true among seniors and individuals with less than a high school education. Research also show that 39% that that access to the internet cost to much and 36% found the internet confusing and difficult to se. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) More recent research shows the biggest reason of not going online is the do not feel the internet is relevant to them. 48% do not want to use it or feel that do not need it to get the information they need. A majority of non-users have never use the internet before and have no one in the household that does know how to use it. Only a very small percentage one i n ten, are interested in using it in the future. One thing that is changing the Digital Divide is mobile technology as mentioned above. Currently 88% of Americans age 18 and over have a cell phone. With mobile technology expanding, 63% of American adults use a mobile device- Laptop, tablet computer, e-book reader, cell phone- to go online. The rise in mobile devices has caused a noticeable mobile difference. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) A person becomes more active using the internet once they get a mobile device. Of the mobile devices, smartphones are becoming more widely used than basic cell phones. Among American adults 46% now has a smartphone. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) There are groups that have greater levels of smartphone use such as higher income, well educated and those under age 50. These groups also have higher rates of technology use. Younger adults (under age 30) do have a higher than average level of smartphone use no matter their income or education. Those younger adults with only a high school education or less are actually more likely to own a smartphone than older adults (age 50 and over) who have gone to college. The same holds true for income, young adults in the lower income bracket (under $30,000) are more likely to have a smartphone than older adults in the higher income bracket. Among these users, 25% say they use their smartphone as their main source of internet access. Smartphones are helping to bridge the Digital Divide. Computer sales during the holidays fell for the first time in 5 years as gadget use such as smartphones grows. According to Walker Sands a digital marketing agency, 23% of total global website visits came from mobile devices which is up from 17% in the 3rd quarter. (Leonard, 2013 These numbers show how big the shift is to how people connect. Former President Bill Clinton said in a key note speech at the Consumer Electronics Show â€Å"Mobile Technology is doing so much now to lift the poor. Smartphones are a much cheaper way for internet access and the capabilities that go along with it such as mobile banking and social media. The smartphone is a unique item when it comes to personal technology and the Digital Divide. At the same time it represents the cutting edge of technology. It is of course the choice for people of any economic class as the most economical and efficient way to connect in an age where getting on the internet ranks up there as a top priority right below food, shelter and water. The Digital Divide will most likely always be there but with modern mobile technology it appears to be shrinking. It does affect people not only here in the United States but also people across the globe. If you look at recent technology and the future, the implications are without a doubt very fascinating. What would happen if everyone had an affordable computer in their pocket or purse? What about the balance or more correctly imbalance of political power? All of this seems uncertain but the possibilities are endless. One thing that is certain, the Digital Divide will always exist. There will always be those that just cannot afford it in any form. There will always be that that just do not find the internet relevant in their lives. There will also be those that want to use the internet but don’t know how. The question that remains is â€Å"How much can we bridge the Digital Divide? † That question may never be fully answered. References Arnold , B. (2007 , Feb). Caslon analytics digital divides. Retrieved from www. caslon. com. au/dividesprofile1. tm Enger , J. (2011, June). Closing the digital divide. Retrieved from www. huffingtonpost. com/john/m-enger/economic-survival-in-the-_b_871575. html Leonard, A. (2013, Jan). Retrieved from www. salon. com/2013/01/11/smartphones_bust_up_the_digital_divide Rapaport, R. (2009, October). A short history of the digital divide. Retrieved from www. edutopia. org/digital-generation-divide-connectivity Smith , A. , Zickuhr, K. (2012, April 13). Di gital differences. Retrieved from http://pewinternet. org/reports/2012/digital-differences-aspx How to cite Digital Divide, Essay examples Digital Divide Free Essays Digital divide is the division of the world on the basis of information technology and communication. This is a term that defines the gap that has arisen between many societies and countries due to the absence of information technology. The technologies that come under the context of digital divide are television, telephones, mobile phones, computers and the internet. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Divide or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many areas and nations in this world that do not have access to computers and the internet. They don’t have the resources to watch television. This has greatly impacted their economical growth. The technological advancements of the 21st century have greatly helped in educational purposes and in making the people aware of their rights and limits. The people deprived of these extravagances are socially cut from the world and live in a world of their own with their own system. The first step in combating the digital divide is to learn about the causes that have led to this division. There are multiple causes and each one has to be dealt separately in order to succeed. The first main cause is the economic division. This is a global cause and refers to the difference in economic status of different countries. There are many third world countries that still do not have the basic necessities of life. Their governments do not have the funds to provide for the proper survival of the citizens. In such a case, computers and internet are nothing but a dream. (Nielsen, 2006) The second cause is the usability division. This means that the technology is still so complicated, that a large percentage of the people do not know how to use it. The literacy rate in many countries is very low. Also, about 40% of the world’s population is considered illiterate (Nielsen, 2006). Another major cause of the digital divide is the empowerment divide. This cause refers to all those people who have resources and knowledge, but still refuse to take advantage of the technological boom. Examples of such people are the senior citizens. The fear of the invasion of technology in their lives haunts them. In some cases, the governments do not want their citizens to have the access to the internet. This is due to their interest. Most of the people are afraid to experiment with the given advanced options of the technological gadgets. In a study published in The Journal of Educational Research, there was a need to increase the numbers of computers in school. Instead of making computer labs, computers should be available in classrooms. The location and accessibility also created digital divide (Judge, Puckett, Bell, 2006). The digital divide is present and ever expanding due to the differences in lives of people living in rural and urban areas, educational backgrounds, financial status, and racial discrimination. The steps that have been taken to narrow he digital divide gap are credible. Many local and international programs have been initiated to limit the problem. ITU (International Telecommunication Union) has taken great measures and is working with global organizations to bridge the gap of digital divide. It has made a target of connecting all the countries of the world by the year 2015 (Connect The World, 2006). Other measures that have been taken globally are that tele-centers have been set up in a few developing countries to help in the development. Connect Africa was started in October 2007. The United Nations have adopted the Millennium Declaration in which it is stated that technological benefits are to be enjoyed by everyone. Some local measures are that computers are being provided in schools for better awareness and better educational environments (Judge, Puckett, Bell, 2006). Fibre optics is being installed in densely populated areas to fasten the internet connection, and special courses have been designed to educate people for the need of information technology knowledge. Even though this issue has been addressed in various reliable occasions, it still is not accepted and recognized universally. It is also the center of criticism and people state that this hype has been created for the benefit of certain organizations. The people whom may benefit from digital divide may be the Information capital as it gains new market for the promotion of its products. Secondly the Southern countries which include the rich rulers of the world and the middle class’s quest for control. Then the third category to benefit from digital divide may be the development community and lastly, the civil society that is ever ready to bring change in the world. (Luyt, 2004) There is a need to jointly address the causes and issues of digital divide as it concerns the whole planet. A common vision and information society is required. The developed and stable countries should come forward and help the struggling nations to remain in the race of global connectivity. The use of communication and IT is very important to grow economically for the nation as well as for individuals. Education is the only way to narrow the digital divide. How to cite Digital Divide, Papers

Motivation Leadership Journal Assignment free essay sample

What kind of work do you do? Subject is part owner to a computer T1/T2 provider. How long have you been doing it? Subject has being working there for 17 years. Can you describe a typical work day? Subject states that she is on the board and that she overlooks board’s requirements, check incoming and outgoing contracts, mediator, and she sets up all the rules and regulations for the cooperation. Why did you end up doing this work? What kind of person often does this sort of work? (And would they consider themselves typical? Subject stated that she wanted to do this because she wanted to start her own business so that they could help financially stabilize friends, family members, and partners. The sort of person who often does this sort of work is an A typical person who is controlling and strives to have more out of life than what is typical. What do you like about this work? Subject states that she likes the diversity which is incorporated through dealing with other companies and also the staff at the company. What is difficult about this work? The difficulty is how people bond to easily which brings their personal life into their work life and how they are not able to separate friendship and work relationship. This open doors to issues like sexual harassment, misconduct, and theft. How do (customers, others in the company ) treat you? What do they think about the job you do? [Adapt this question to fit your particular interviewtry to get at how they think they are treated based on their work. ] Subject states that others are afraid of her and extremely intimidated. Subject states that they do not want the job that she does but they enjoy working for the company. How does being a (fill in the blank with a salient cultural category: man, older person, African-American, 20-something, etc. ) play into the work you do? Subject states that initially there were barrier because of the stuffy suits that could not with having a woman in charge. There was open defiance, rudeness, and vulgarity. Subject states that she fired member’s board due to their insubordination. Has this work changed the way you think about yourself, about the world? Subject states that she has the ability to separate her work life and personal life. Subject states that she is now a cold, calculating, malicious, and deviant individual due to the desire to have more money and more business for the company as whole. Subject states that personally she is a caring, loving individual but as far as the world goes she believes that there are too many lazy individuals that don’t want to take responsibility for ensuring that task are completed. Subject feels that everyone wants a handout and does not want to earn their livelihood. What are some cultural values that are important to you (can be family, work, or interpersonal)? Do you think these are similar to or different from mainstream American culture? Please explain your ideas. Subject states that the business world is so much more complicated and unsympathetic to race, religion, politics, and sexuality. Subject states that they really don’t care about cultural values as long as you can perform your job. She also stated that in the business world they are aesthetic creatures who use whatever means necessary to get to the next level. She believes that this is very different from mainstream American culture, almost to the point of being anti-social. What do you like best about American culture? What do you like least? (Even if the person is American, they will have an opinion about this question that gives you some insight about how they view things from their perspective. ) Subjects like the fact that the American culture has a huge melting pot of candidates who are brilliant and talented in the profession that they choose. Due to this fact when the company is in need of candidates with a specific talent it is easier to find a candidate who fits the mold for that position. Analysis Think about your interview, the person, and their work. Please consider these questions as you write your journal assignment: What aspects of this persons work determine or indicate their status relative to others? The subjects work environment is one which a wealth of knowledge is extremely necessary in order to be successful. The subject is in the process of completing 4 doctorate degrees. Due to the fact that she is head of the board of directors she is looked up to by her subordinates and is expected to be knowledgeable in all areas of the company. She is a bit anti-social yet still remains professional and approachable to the lowest ranking individual at the company. What are some of the connections between this persons work experience and gender, race, age, and /or ethnicity (etc. )? The actual subject was of Cherokee Indian heritage and this heritage seemed to be at the center of how the subject intertwines her work and still remains true to her culture and tribe. Most of the subject’s knowledge is in large part of how she was raised on the reservation coupled with her age which helps to emphasize the important of maturity when making sound decisions. What kinds of attitudes, values, and behaviors does this persons work culture encourage? The attitudes, values, and behaviors that are displayed at their work culture is that of an air of self-motivation. The individual employee is held accountable for their own success or failure. Excuses are unacceptable. Their also seems to be a nonchalant attitude about their employees values. From what I gleaned from the interview what you believe in does not matter to the employee as long as you are doing your job to the best of your ability. What attitudes and values, held by this person, were similar to your own, and which were different? The attitudes and values of the subject were much in line with mine. The subject believes in receiving reward for hard work done and if you do not do the work you do not receive compensation. I did not like the fact that the subject refused to consider the cultural needs of the employee. I believe this may cause problems for them later on down the line. From this interview, what can give us insight into communicating across cultures or across work cultures? In my opinion communicating across cultures or work cultures takes a combined effort. Everyone in the company has to be open to the idea of using their talents which may have manifested due to elements from that individuals culture. Communication is not a one-sided instrument. In order for it to be effective the employer has to take steps to ensure that there are open lines of communication no matter what an employee’s background may be. In the end I believe that organizations only conform to the idea of culture because they are forced to.